Feocromocitoma y paraganglioma en un hospital pediátrico de Argentina. Serie de casos / Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma at a children's hospital in Argentina. A case series

El feocromocitoma y el paraganglioma son tumores neuroendocrinos secretores de catecolaminas. Los feocromocitomas se originan en la médula suprarrenal, mientras que los paragangliomas son extraadrenales. Se describe una serie de casos de niños con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de feocromocitoma o paraganglioma que consultaron en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad de Argentina. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes, 14 varones, con una mediana de edad de 11,4 años; 8 casos con feocromocitoma y 13 casos con paraganglioma. Se presentaron con hipertensión arterial 14/21. La mayoría de los paragangliomas tuvieron localización paraaórtica (9/13). Debido a que representan una causa potencialmente curable de hipertensión arterial, la sospecha clínica es muy importante. El diagnóstico temprano y la instauración de un tratamiento antihipertensivo adecuado, que permita afrontar la cirugía con normotensión arterial, aseguran la curación en la mayoría de los casos si la resección tumoral es completa.

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors producing catecholamines. Pheochromocytomas occur in the adrenal medulla, while paragangliomas are those that occur outside the adrenal gland. Here we describe a case series of children with a pathological diagnosis of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma who consulted at a tertiary care children's hospital in Argentina. A total of 21 patients (14 males) were included; their median age was 11.4 years; 8 children had pheochromocytoma and 13, paraganglioma. Arterial hypertension was observed in 14/21. Most paragangliomas were para-aortic (9/13). Since they are a potentially curable cause of hypertension, clinical suspicion is very important. An early diagnosis and the initiation of an adequate antihypertensive treatment, which allows the patient to undergo surgery with normal blood pressure, ensure a cure in most cases if tumor resection is complete.

Intervención educativa realizada por enfermeros para el control de la presión arterial: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis / Educational intervention performed by nurses for blood pressure control: a systematic review with meta-analysis / Intervenção educativa realizada por enfermeiros para controle da pressão arterial: revisão sistemática com metanálise

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la intervención educativa que realizan los enfermeros para controlar la presión arterial en personas con hipertensión arterial, en comparación con los cuidados habituales. Método: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados realizada en seis bases de datos. Se incluyeron estudios en los cuales el enfermero llevó a cabo la intervención educativa en la persona con hipertensión arterial. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante la herramienta Risk of Bias Tool, el metaanálisis se hizo utilizando el software Review Manager y la certeza de la evidencia se calculó usando el sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados: se encontraron 1692 estudios revisados por pares y se incluyeron ocho artículos en el metaanálisis. El metaanálisis se calculó para el resultado presión arterial sistólica y presión arterial diastólica, subagrupados por tiempo y tipo de implementación de la intervención. Para la intervención educativa presencial, realizada d forma individual combinada con actividad grupal, la estimativa del efecto fue -12,41 mmHg (Intervalo de Confianza 95%, -16,91 a -7,91, p<0,00001) para la presión sistólica y -5,40 mmHg (Intervalo 95% Confianza, -7,98 a -2,82, p<0,0001) para la presión diastólica, con certeza de evidencia alta. Conclusión: a intervención educativa realizada por el enfermero, de forma individual combinada con la actividad grupal, tiene efecto clínico y estadísticamente significativo. Registro PROSPERO: CRD42021282707.

Objetivo: to assess the effect of an educational intervention performed by nurses for blood pressure control in people with arterial hypertension, when compared to usual care. Método: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, conducted in six databases. The studies included were those in which an educational intervention was performed by nurses on people with arterial hypertension. The risk of bias was assessed by means of the Risk of Bias Tool, the meta-analysis was performed in the Review Manager software and certainty of the evidence was calculated in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Resultados: a total of 1,692 studies were found, which were peer-reviewed, including eight of them in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was calculated for the "systolic blood pressure" and diastolic blood pressure" outcomes, in subgroups by time and by intervention performance type. For the in-person educational intervention, performed individually combined with a group activity, the effect estimate was -12.41 mmHg (95% Confidence Interval: from -16.91 to -7.91, p<0,00001) for systolic pressure and -5.40 mmHg (95% Confidence Interval: from -7.98 to -2.82, p<0,00001) for diastolic pressure, with high certainty of evidence. Conclusión: the educational intervention performed by nurses, individually and combined with a group activity, presents a statistically significant clinical effect. PROSPERO registration No.: CRD42021282707.

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da intervenção educativa realizada por enfermeiros para controle da pressão arterial em pessoas com hipertensão arterial, comparada com cuidado habitual. Método: revisão sistemática com metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados realizada em seis bases de dados. Foram incluídos estudos em que a intervenção educativa foi realizada pelo enfermeiro à pessoa com hipertensão arterial. O risco de viés foi avaliado pela Risk of Bias Tool, a metanálise no software Review Manager e a certeza da evidência no sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados: foram encontrados 1692 estudos, revisados por pares, e oito artigos foram incluídos na metanálise. A metanálise foi calculada para o desfecho pressão arterial sistólica e pressão arterial diastólica, em subgrupo por tempo e por tipo de execução da intervenção. Para a intervenção educativa presencial, realizada de modo individual combinada com atividade de grupo, a estimativa de efeito foi de -12.41 mmHg (Intervalo de Confiança 95%, -16.91 a -7.91, p<0.00001) para pressão arterial sistólica e -5.40 mmHg (Intervalo de Confiança 95%, -7.98 a -2.82, p<0.0001) para pressão arterial diastólica, com certeza da evidência alta. Conclusão: a intervenção educativa realizada pelo enfermeiro, de modo individual combinada com atividade de grupo, apresenta efeito clínico e estatisticamente significativo. Registro PROSPERO: CRD42021282707.

Hipertensión arterial secundaria: ¿Cuándo sospecharla y qué hacer? / Secondary arterial hypertension: When to suspect it and what to do?

La hipertensión arterial es un problema frecuente de salud pública, puede ser de etiología primaria o secundaria. La hipertensión arterial secundaria debida a una causa se puede tratar con intervenciones específicas. Con el propósito de identificar las causas y mecanismos más frecuentes, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en Google Académico y Pubmed. Se encontró que podemos sospecharla en pacientes menores de 30 años debutando con hipertensión arterial sin factores de riesgo evidentes, datos clínicos, laboratoriales y estudios de imagen compatibles con causas renales o endocrinas de hipertensión secundaria, datos sugestivos de apnea del sueño. Debemos obtener una historia clínica y realizar un examen físico buscando pistas clínicas que nos orienten, para realizar estudios necesarios y llegar a un diagnóstico oportuno...(AU)

Perfil bioquímico de pessoas com diabetes mellituse hipertensão na atenção primária à saúde / Biochemical profile of people with diabetes mellitusand hypertension in primary health care

Introdução: O diabete mellitus (DM) e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) são doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis que se associam a alto risco de mortalidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil laboratorial de pessoas com DM e HAS acompanhados na atenção primária à saúde. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal, com a amostra de 345 pessoas em acompanhamento pelas estratégias de saúde da família pertencentes a duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da zona urbana do município de Santarém, Pará, Brasil. Os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos conforme diagnóstico: HAS; DM; ambas (DM-HAS); ou nenhuma (SEM). Foram coletadas informações socioeconômicas e clínicas dos participantes, com posterior coleta de sangue para as variáveis bioquímicas. Para a análise de dados foi realizada a estatística descritiva e inferencial, adotando-se significância de p<0,05. Resultados: Em todos os grupos predominaram participantes do sexo feminino, casados, pardos, com renda até dois salários, com 4-7 anos de estudo, não tabagistas e não estilistas. Em relação ao SEM, o DM se associou com valores alterados para glicose (p<0,0001), HDL-c (p=0,0481), ureia (p=0,0252), creatinina (p=0,0006) e hemoglobina (p=0,0024). Já o DM-HAS se associou com a presença de alteração para glicose (p<0,0001), ureia (p=0,0009), creatinina (p=0,0059) e taxa de filtração glomerular (p=0,0048). Conclusão: Conclui-se, conforme o método proposto, que a presença da DM e/ou HAS são capazes de modificar o perfil bioquímico de maneira negativa, bem como se ressalta a importância do acompanhamento desta pessoa pela atenção primária à saúde, visto que algumas pessoas apresentaram alterações bioquímicas que chamam atenção e não estão em acompanhamento (AU).

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) are chronic non-communicable diseases that are associated with a high risk of mortality. Objective: To analyze the laboratory profile of people with DM and SAH followed up in primary health care. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a sample of 345 people being monitored by family health strategies belonging to two Basic Health Units in the urban area of the city of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Participants were divided into four groups according to their diagnosis: SAH; DM; both (DM-SAH); or neither (NO). Socioeconomic and clinical information was collected from the participants, with subsequent blood collection for biochemical variables. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, adopting a significance of p<0.05. Results: In all groups, female participants, married, brown, with an income of up to two salaries, 4-7 years of schooling, non-smokers, and non-alcoholics predominated. Compared to NO, DM was associated with altered values for glucose (p<0.001), HDL-c (p=0.048), urea (p=0.025), creatinine (p<0.001), and hemoglobin (p=0.002). DM-SAH was associated with the presence of alterations in glucose (p<0.001), urea (p<0.001), creatinine (p=0.005), and glomerular filtration rate (p=0.004). Conclusion: In conclusion, the results using the proposed method indicate that the presence of DM and/or SAH is able to negatively modify the biochemical profile. In addition, the importance of monitoring this population in primary health care was demonstrated, since some people presented potentially worrying biochemical alterations that are not being followed up (AU).

Validade do autorrelato de hipertensão arterial em trabalhadores / Validity of workers self-reports of hypertension

Resumo Introdução O monitoramento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é realizado no Brasil, fundamentado no autorrelato, por meio do sistema VIGITEL. Tendo em vista lacunas acerca desse agravo em populações de trabalhadores, estas devem ser alvo da ação ampliada para o seu diagnóstico epidemiológico. Objetivo Testar a validade de critério do autorrelato de HAS, comparando-o com medidas aferidas de pressão arterial (PA). Método Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com amostra aleatória do universo de 1.561 trabalhadores de um serviço judiciário na Bahia. Calcularam-se sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos e razões de probabilidade para o autorrelato de HAS, comparando-os com a aferição direta da PA, medida de referência. O diagnóstico de HAS foi a média de duas aferições com PA sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg, e/ou PA diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg, e/ou uso regular de anti-hipertensivos. Resultados Em amostra de 391 trabalhadores, verificou-se sensibilidade de 66,4% (57,1-74,6%), especificidade de 87,9% (83,2-91,4%), valor preditivo positivo de 70,5% (61,1-78,6%), valor preditivo negativo de 85,7% (80,9-89,4%), razões de probabilidade positiva e negativa de 5,5 (3,88-7,72) e de 0,4 (0,30-0,49), respectivamente. Conclusão Este estudo evidenciou o autorrelato como medida válida para o diagnóstico epidemiológico da HAS entre trabalhadores, recomendando seu uso. No entanto, esta validade depende do diagnóstico prévio do agravo.

Abstract Background Monitoring of hypertension, based on self-report, has been performed in Brazil through VIGITEL. In view of the gaps about this problem in worker populations, these should be the targets of the expanded action of epidemiological diagnosis of hypertension. Objective To test the validity of hypertension self-report in comparison to blood pressure (BP) measurements. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 1561 workers from a Judicial Service in Bahia. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for the hypertension self-report in comparison with direct BP measurement (reference). Hypertensive cases presented the mean of two BP measurements, with systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg, and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and/or regular use of antihypertensive drugs. Results In a sample of 391 workers, there was a sensitivity of 66.4% (57.1-74.6%), a specificity of 87.9% (83.2-91.4%), a positive predictive value of 70.5% (61.1- 78.6%), a negative predictive value of 85.7% (80.9-89.4%), a positive and negative likelihood ratio of 5.5 (3.88-7.72) and 0.4 (0.30-0.49) respectively. Conclusion This study showed self-report as a valid measure to implement the epidemiological diagnosis of hypertension among workers, recommending its use. However, its validity depends on the previous diagnosis.

Concepções de idosos com hipertensão e/ou diabetes sobre qualidade de vida / Concepciones de las personas mayores con hipertensión y/o diabetes sobre la calidad de vida / Conceptions of elderly people with hypertension and/or diabetes about quality of life

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as concepções de qualidade de vida de idosos portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo II. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, e a estratégia de coleta de dados foi a técnica de Grupo Focal. Os dados foram analisados usando o programa de análise qualitativa - QDA miner e interpretados através da análise de conteúdo, proposta por Bardin. Os dados revelaram duas categorias: 'Concepções de Qualidade de Vida', que aponta para os elementos que atravessam a compreensão que os idosos têm da qualidade de vida e 'Relação entre Qualidade de vida e doença crônica', como a vivência da doença crônica está associada à qualidade de vida. Os dados indicam que as concepções de qualidade de vida de idosos com hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus passam pelo processo de convivência com a doença crônica, enfatizando a importância de fatores subjetivos, especialmente os recursos psicológicos e sociais dos idosos, que auxiliam no enfrentamento dos efeitos negativos das condições crônicas que interferem na qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las concepciones de cualidad de vida de ancianos con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo de enfoque cual itativo y la estrategia para la recolección de datos fue la técnica de Grupo Focal. Los datos se analizaron usando el programa de análisis cualitativo-QDA miner e interpretados a través del análisis de contenidos propuesta por Bardin. Los datos revelaron dos categorías: "'concepciones de calidad de vida", ', que señala los elementos que pasan por la comprensión que los ancianos tienen de calidad de vida y "'la relación calidad de vida y enfermedad crónica" ' - cómo la experiencia de la enfermedad crónicas se asocia con la calidad de vida. Los datos indicaron que las concepciones de cualidad de vida de ancianos con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus pasan por el proceso de convivencia con la enfermedad crónica enfatizando la importancia de factores subjetivos especialmente los recursos psicológicos y sociales de los ancianos que ayudan en el enfrentamiento de los efectos negativos de las condiciones crónicas que interfieren en la cualidad de vida.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to understand the quality of life concepts in elderly people who suffers from arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. It is a descriptive and exploratory study with qualitative approach, the data collection strategy was Focus Group Interviews. The software QDA Miner was used for qualitative data analysis and the Content Analysis Method proposed by Bardin was used for data interpretation. The data had disclosed two categories: 'concepts of quality of life', pointing to the elements that go through the understanding that the elderly have of the quality of life, and 'relation between quality of life andchronic illness' - how the experience of chronic disease is associated with quality of life. Data had indicated that the quality of life concepts in this population are related to the way they live with the chronic illness. The subjective factors are very important concerning the elderly people life with the chronic illness, mainly their psychological and social resources, that help them to fight the negative effects of chronic illness conditions in the quality of life.

European Society of Hypertension Guidelines 2023: Hipertensão arterial - Estamos indo em qual direção? / Europeah direction are we heading?n Society of Hypertension Guidelines 2023: Arterial hypertension - In which direction are we heading?

A cada nova edição de diretrizes, algumas recomendações se consolidam e outras surgem, à luz de novas evidências, mudando comportamentos, entendimentos e trazendo novas possibilidades e desafios. A nova Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertensão (ESH) de 2023 apresenta-se coerente com outras que foram publicados na última década. Ao mesmo tempo em que se mostra conservadora em alguns tópicos, avança de maneira inovadora em outros pontos sensíveis. Embora ampla e abrangente, percebe-se que o foco principal converge para alguns poucos e importantes objetivos. A Diretriz da ESH 2023 propõe como objetivos centrais: 1. Determinação incansável para que se atinja a meta pressórica recomendada; 2. Atenção máxima contra a inércia terapêutica; 3. Usar de múltiplas estratégias para o melhor engajamento do paciente ao tratamento. Além disso, traz recomendações importantes nas áreas de mecanismos fisiopatológicos, diagnóstico, tratamento, acompanhamento e destaques em situações especiais. Logo abaixo, destaco alguns aspectos que considero relevante (AU).

With each new edition of guidelines, some recommendations are consolidated, and others emerge in the light of new evidence, changing behaviors and understandings and bringing new possibilities and challenges. The new 2023 European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Guidelines are consistent with others published in the last decade. While being conservative on some topics, it advances in an innovative way on other sensitive points. Although broad and comprehensive, the focus converges on a few important objectives. The ESH 2023 Guideline proposes as central objectives: 1. Tireless determination to reach the recommended blood pressure goal. 2. Maximum attention against therapeutic inertia. 3. Using multiple strategies for better patient engagement with treatment. In addition, it brings important recommendations in the areas of pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and highlights in special situations. Below, I highlight some aspects that I consider relevant

Preliminary survey report on the clinical validation of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers in China / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the percentage of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers independently validated clinically in China. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey and Beijing, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Datong, and Shihezi were selected according to the geographical location and economic level. In each site, one tertiary hospital, two community health centers, and 20 families with electronic sphygmomanometers in use were chosen. The information of electronic sphygmomanometers including brand, model, manufacturer and production date were obtained by the trained staff. Ten electronic sphygmomanometers from each hospital, five electronic sphygmomanometers from each community health center, and one electronic sphygmomanometer from each family were surveyed, and the user's subjective judgment results and judgment basis on the accuracy of the electronic sphygmomanometer measurement were collected. We searched six registration websites (Medaval, Stride BP, dabl Educational Trust, British and Irish Hypertension Society, American Medical Association and Hypertension Canada) and two research databases (PubMed and CNKI) for the clinical validation status of each electronic sphygmomanometer. Results: A total of 200 electronic sphygmomanometers were investigated in this study, of which only 29.0% (58/200) passed independent clinical validation. When stratified by users, the percentage of being clinical validated was 46.0% (23/50) for electronic sphygmomanometers in hospitals, 42.0% (21/50) for those in community health centers and 14.0% (14/100) for those in home use, respectively, and the proportions between the three groups were significantly difference (P<0.001). Doctors in tertiary hospitals and community health service centers judged the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers mainly on the basis of "regular correction" (41.0% (41/100)) and "comparison with other electronic sphygmomanometers" (20.0% (20/100)), while among home users, 41.0% (41/100) were not clear about the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers, and 40.0% (40/100) made the judgment by "comparison with the devices in hospitals". Conclusion: The clinical validation of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers in China is low. Most of users, including healthcare professionals, are not aware of clinical validation of electronic sphygmomanometers.

A non-contact continuous blood pressure measurement method based on video stream / 生物医学工程学杂志

Hypertension is the primary disease that endangers human health. A convenient and accurate blood pressure measurement method can help to prevent the hypertension. This paper proposed a continuous blood pressure measurement method based on facial video signal. Firstly, color distortion filtering and independent component analysis were used to extract the video pulse wave of the region of interest in the facial video signal, and the multi-dimensional feature extraction of the pulse wave was preformed based on the time-frequency domain and physiological principles; Secondly, an integrated feature selection method was designed to extract the universal optimal feature subset; After that, we compared the single person blood pressure measurement models established by Elman neural network based on particle swarm optimization, support vector machine (SVM) and deep belief network; Finally, we used SVM algorithm to build a general blood pressure prediction model, which was compared and evaluated with the real blood pressure value. The experimental results showed that the blood pressure measurement results based on facial video were in good agreement with the standard blood pressure values. Comparing the estimated blood pressure from the video with standard blood pressure value, the mean absolute error (MAE) of systolic blood pressure was 4.9 mm Hg with a standard deviation (STD) of 5.9 mm Hg, and the MAE of diastolic blood pressure was 4.6 mm Hg with a STD of 5.0 mm Hg, which met the AAMI standards. The non-contact blood pressure measurement method based on video stream proposed in this paper can be used for blood pressure measurement.

Riesgos modificables relacionados a la hipertensión arterial / Modifiable risks related to hypertension arterial

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es una de las causas de muertes a nivel mundial, esta enfermedad incrementa significativamente los riesgos de sufrir cardiopatías, encefalopatías, nefropatías y otras enfermedades. Su prevalencia está asociada a países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y se consideran factores de riesgos al estrés, alcoholismo, obesidad, tabaquismo, drogas, alimentación, genética, raza, y ciertas patologías como diabetes mellitus, algunas de ellas consideradas como factores de riesgo modificables y que pueden ser medidas de prevención y control en su tratamiento. Objetivo: Recopilar información sobre los transcriptores riesgos modificables relacionados a la hipertensión arterial. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio es del tipo descriptivo, La metodología es una revisión narrativa, con recopilación de literatura referente al tema y disponible en la web, se emplearon los descriptores: hipertensión, factores de riesgo. Resultados: Aporte de información relevante sobre los factores de riesgos modificables entre ellos el consumo de tabaco y alcohol, reducción de peso, alimentación, actividades físicas, reducción del consumo de sal, aumento del consumo de hortalizas y frutas, además de la disminución en el consumo de alimentos grasos, sales, y un control periódico de la tensión arterial, bajo la supervisión médica que son considerados para la prevención y control de la HTA, como métodos alternativos para control y prevención de esta enfermedad. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo modificables que predominan son el consumo de grasas, ausencia del control del índice de masa corporal y de la presión arterial, así como el consumo excesivo de sal y presencia de estrés. Los factores de riesgo no modificables que predisponen a hipertensión arterial prevalentemente son los antecedentes familiares de HTA y de obesidad. Se ha determinado que los cambios en el estilo de vida, así como una conducta sana para la prevención y control de riesgos que son modificables atenúan la prevalencia de la misma(AU)

Arterial hypertension (AHT) is one of the causes of death at the Worldwide, this disease significantly increases the risk of heart disease, encephalopathies, nephropathies and other diseases. Its prevalence is associated with countries of low and medium income, and are considered risk factors for stress, alcoholism, obesity, smoking, drugs, food, genetics, race, and certain pathologies such as diabetes mellitus, some of them considered as modifiable risk factors and that can be prevention and control measures in their treatment. Objective: Collect information on transcriptionists modifiable risks related to hypertension arterial. Materials and methods: The study is of the descriptive type, the methodology is a narrative review, with a compilation of literature on the subject and available on the web, used the descriptors: hypertension, risk factors. Results: Contribution of relevant information on modifiable risk factors, including the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, weight reduction, nutrition, physical activities, reduction of salt intake, increased consumption of vegetables and fruits, in addition to the decrease in the consumption of fatty foods, salts, and periodic control of blood pressure, under the medical supervision that are considered for the prevention and control of hypertension, such as alternative methods for control and prevention of this disease. Conclusions: The modifiable risk factors that predominate are the consumption of fats, absence of control of body mass index and blood pressure, as well as excessive consumption of salt and presence of stress. Non-modifiable risk factors that predispose to high blood pressure are predominantly a family history of hypertension and obesity. It has been determined that changes in lifestyle, as well as behavior healthy for the prevention and control of risks that are modifiable attenuate the prevalence ofthe same(AU)

Diagnóstico incidental de hipertensión arterial en el primer nivel de salud / Incidental diagnosis of high blood pressure at the first level of health

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es el principal factor relacionado con la mortalidad en todo el mundo. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud es un trastorno que causa casi la mitad de todas las defunciones por accidente cerebrovascular o cardiopatía. Se estima que afecta alrededor de 250 millones de personas en Las Américas,(1) mientras que en Cuba se reporta una prevalencia del 30,9 por ciento en personas de 15 o más años de edad.(2) Lo anterior motivó a los autores a realizar, como parte de la tesis de terminación de especialidad en Medicina General Integral, un estudio que permitiese determinar la eficacia del score de riesgo de hipertensión arterial de Framingham en la predicción de la enfermedad a corto plazo (1 año) en pacientes...(AU)

Hipertensión arterial en paciente de raza negra: a propósito de un caso / Hypertension in a black patient: a purpose of a case

Hypertension in black patients is usually more frequent and associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Due to demographic changes in the Chilean population, dealing with this group of patients has become more frequent. The case of a young Haitian patient with severe hypertension and target organ damage is presented.

Niveles tensionales en niños y adolescentes con esteatosis hepática / Tensional levels in children and adolescents with hepatic steatosis

Introducción: la enfermedad hepática no alcohólica (EHNA) constituye un desorden multifactorial cuyos elementos de riesgo se pueden aludir a la obesidad, el sedentarismo y el componente genético. Objetivo: evaluar los niveles tensionales en niños y adolescentes con esteatosis hepática por sonografía de 5-18 años en el Hospital Regional Universitario Dr. Arturo Gullón. Métodos y técnicas: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y fuente primaria. La muestra estuvo compuesta por de 106 participantes. Se realizó sonografía abdominal para determinar la presencia de esteatosis hepática y se midió la presión arterial sistólica abdominal para determinar la presencia de esteatosis hepática y se midió la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, IMC, talla y pruebas de laboratorio. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó chi-cuadrado. Resultados: el sexo predominante en la tensión arterial sistólica fue el femenino con un 44.9 % en estadio prehipertensión, mientras que el masculino fue el sexo predominante en presión arterial diastólica con un 49.1 %. Se evidenció que los individuos con IMC del percentil 90 se encontraban en estadio prehipertensión en el percentil. El perfil lipídico (colesterol, HDL, LDL, triglicéridos) y las transaminasas (SGOT y SGPT) mostraron relación con niveles tensionales elevados con predominio en la TAD. Los valores elevados de glicemia presentan relación con las cifras aumentadas de la tensión arterial sistólica. Conclusión: el estudio mostró que existe una relación entre la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica y el riesgo de desarrollar hipertensión arterial. Presentando relación estadísticamente significativa entre los niveles tensionales elevados y el perfil bioquímico estudiado, así como al IMC de los pacientes evaluados en la investigación

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disorder whose risks factors can be attributed to obesity, sedentary lifestyle and a genetic component. Objective: To evaluate blood pressure levels in children and adolescent aged 5-18 years old with hepatic steatosis using ultrasound at the Dr. Arturo Grullón Regional University Hospital. Methods and Techniques: A descriptive cross-sectional study of primary source were carried out. The sample of the study consisted in 106 participants. Abdominal ultrasono-graphy was performed to determine the presence of hepatic steatosis and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, height and laboratory tests were measured. Chi square was used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The predominant sex in systolic blood pressure was female with 44.9% in prehypertension stage, while male was the predominant sex in diastolic blood pressure with 49.1%. It was evidenced that individuals with BMI ≥90thpercentile were in the prehypertensive stage at the percentile. The lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides) and transaminases (SGOT ad SGPT) showed a relationship with high blood pressure levels with a predo-minance in DBP. Elevated glucose levels are related to an increase in systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The study showed that there is a relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of developing high blood pressure. Presenting a statistically significant relationship between the elevated blood pres-sure levels and the biochemical profile studied, as well the BMI of the patients evaluated in this research

Melhorando o controle da pressão arterial com a adoção da automedição da pressão arterial ­ AMPA / Improving blood pressure control with blood pressur self-measurement ­ BPSM

A Automedição da Pressão Arterial (AMPA) tem ganho interesse ultimamente e sua prática pode contribuir para o diagnóstico e seguimento da hipertensão arterial. Em nosso meio, devido a dificuldades de realização da Monitorização Residencial da Pressão Arterial (MRPA) e da indisponibilidade da Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial (MAPA) na maioria dos serviços, a AMPA, que difere dos métodos supracitados, tem uso disseminado em nosso país. Assim, nos parece importante discorrer sobre esse método, tão utilizado e tão pouco estudado. Neste trabalho vamos descrever os métodos de medida de pressão arterial, auscultatório e oscilométrico, além de listar vantagens e desvantagens da medida da pressão arterial no consultório, comparando-as com AMPA. Vamos também fazer um alerta sobre a necessidade de que o paciente receba orientações para a medida da pressão e, por fim, citar as Diretrizes Brasileiras e Europeias no que tange à menção que elas fazem a esse método (AU).

Blood Pressure Self-Measurement (BPSM) has gained interest lately and its practice can contribute to the diagnosis and follow-up of arterial hypertension. In Brazil, due to difficulties in carrying out Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM) and the unavailability of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in most facilities, AMPA, which differs from the aforementioned methods, has widespread use in our country. Therefore, it seems important to discuss this method, which is largely used and poorly studied. In this paper, we will describe the methods for measuring blood pressure, auscultatory and oscillometric, in addition to listing the advantages and disadvantages of measuring blood pressure in the office, comparing them with AMPA. We will also make an alert about the need for the patient to receive guidance on blood pressure measurement and, finally, we will cite the Brazilian and European Guidelines regarding the mention they make about this method (AU).

The detection and evaluation of vascular stiffness / 生理学报

Cardiovascular homeostasis is regulated by both physical and chemical factors. Vascular stiffness, a physical property of vessel, is crucial in maintaining the physiological function of vasculature. Vascular stiffness has been indicated to be correlated with hypertension, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. It has been the most widely accepted clinical index for assessment of vascular function and dysfunction. This paper reviews the commonly used experimental and clinical techniques for evaluating vascular stiffness including direct detection of the Young's modulus and indirect detection method that is based on ultrasound technique and others. Principles of these methodologies, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are also presented here. Researchers and clinical staff are encouraged to choose the most suitable methods for detecting vascular stiffness according to their purposes and objects, so as to effectively evaluate vascular function.

Aumento de la lipocalina orosomucoide-1 (ORM1) en sujetos con hiperaldosteronismo primario / Increase of lipocalin ORM1 in primary aldosteronism

El hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP) es la causa más común de hipertensión arterial secundaria. A pesar de la prevalencia del HAP (6-10%) y sus consecuencias, los mecanismos que median los efectos deletéreos renales y extrarenales originados por la aldosterona más allá de la hipertensión arterial (ej. inflamación renal, alteraciones cardiacas y disfunción vascular), siguen siendo poco conocidos. Estudios previos sugieren que el exceso de aldosterona aumentaría proteínas sensibles a la activación del receptor de mineralocorticoides (MR), como las lipocalinas LCN2 (NGAL) y ORM1. OBJETIVO: Determinar la concentración de las lipocalinas ORM1, NGAL y NGAL-MMP9 en sujetos HAP. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte transversal en sujetos adultos (similares en sexo, edad e IMC) separados en controles normotensos (CTL), hipertensos esenciales (HE) y con screening positivo de HAP (aldosterona ≥9 ng/dL y ARP < 1 ng/mL*h acorde a las guías internacionales de HAP). Se determinó la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), aldosterona plasmática, actividad renina plasmática (ARP) y la relación aldosterona / actividad de renina plasmática (ARR). Se determinó la concentración de NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 y ORM1 en suero por ELISA. RESULTADOS: Detectamos mayores niveles de ORM1 en sujetos HAP. No se detectaron diferencias en NGAL ni NGAL-MMP9 entre los grupos. Detectamos una asociación positiva de ORM1 con ARP (rho= -0,407, p=0,012) y con ARR (rho= 0,380 p= 0,021). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor concentración de ORM1 en sujetos HAP y las asociaciones de ORM1 con aldosterona, ARP y ARR, proponen a esta proteína como un potencial biomarcador de HAP y de utilidad en el desarrollo de algoritmos diagnósticos de HAP.

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Despite the prevalence of PA (6-10%) and its consequences, the mechanisms that mediate the deleterious renal and extrarenal effects caused by aldosterone beyond arterial hypertension (eg renal inflammation, cardiac alterations and vascular dysfunction), remain barely known. Previous studies suggest that excess aldosterone would increase proteins sensitive to activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), such as lipocalins LCN2 (NGAL) and ORM1. AIM: To determine the concentration of the lipocalins ORM1, NGAL and NGAL-MMP9 in PA subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in adult subjects (similar in sex, age and BMI) grouped as normotensive controls (CTL), essential hypertensive (HE) and subjects with positive PA screening (aldosterone ≥ 9 ng/dL and PRA <1 ng/mL*h, according to international PA guidelines). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) were determined. The concentration of NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 and ORM1 in serum was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: We detected higher levels Recibido: 03-09-2021 of ORM1 in PA subjects. No differences in NGAL or NGAL-MMP9 were detected between the groups. We detected a positive association of ORM1 with ARP (rho = -0.407, p < 0.05) and with ARR (rho = 0.380 p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The high levels of ORM1 in PA subjects and the associations of ORM1 with aldosterone, ARP and ARR, suggest ORM1 is a potential biomarker of PA, and useful in the development of a diagnostic algorithm for PA.

Perfil dos pacientes com crise hipertensiva atendidos em uma unidade de pronto atendimento / Perfil de los pacientes con crisis hipertensiva atendidos en una unidad de pronta atención / Profile of patients with hypertensive crisis seen in an emergency care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o perfil dos pacientes com crise hipertensiva atendidos em uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento. Método: estudo transversal descritivo, realizado por meio da análise de 80 prontuários de pacientes com quadro de crise hipertensiva, atendidos em uma unidade de pronto atendimento, entre o período de março de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Os dados foram coletados por meio de roteiro estruturado e receberam tratamento estatístico descritivo. Resultados: Após a análise dos 80 prontuários, constatou-se que a média de idade entre os pacientes atendidos foi de 58,03, sendo a faixa etária adulta a mais prevalente (53,8%). Constatou-se que a média da pressão arterial sistólica foi significativamente maior em homens em relação às mulheres (p=0,013). Quanto à sintomatologia, a cefaleia foi a mais prevalente, com 35,0%. Verificou-se que durante o atendimento da crise hipertensiva, a maioria dos pacientes fez uso de apenas uma droga para redução da PA, sendo o inibidor adrenérgico de ação central o mais citado. Quanto ao desfecho, grande parte dos pacientes recebeu alta (93,8%) logo após o atendimento, porém, 6,3% permaneceram em internamento de curta permanência até a estabilização do quadro. Considerações finais: Este estudo possibilitou a caracterização da população com crise hipertensiva atendida em um pronto atendimento, a qual evidencia uma possível fragilidade existente entre a articulação dos níveis de atenção à saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el perfil de los pacientes con crisis hipertensiva atendidos en una Unidad de Pronta Atención. Método: estudio transversal descriptivo, realizado por medio del análisis de 80 registros médicos de pacientes con cuadro de crisis hipertensiva, atendidos en una unidad de pronta atención, entre el período de marzo de 2018 a febrero de 2019. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de guion estructurado y recibieron tratamiento estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: después del análisis de los 80 registros médicos, se constató que el promedio de edad entre los pacientes atendidos fue de 58,03, siendo la franja etaria adulta la más prevalente (53,8%). Se constató que el promedio de la presión arterial sistólica fue significativamente mayor en hombres que en las mujeres (p=0,013). En cuanto a la sintomatología, la cefalea fue la más prevalente, con 35,0%. Se verificó que, durante la atención de la crisis hipertensiva, la mayoría de los pacientes hizo uso de solo una droga para reducción de la PA, siendo el inhibidor adrenérgico de acción central el más relatado. Respecto al resultado, gran parte de los pacientes recibió el alta (93,8%) inmediatamente después de la atención, sin embargo, el 6,3% permaneció en internamiento de corta estancia hasta la estabilización del cuadro. Consideraciones finales: este estudio posibilitó la caracterización de la población con crisis hipertensiva atendida en una pronta atención, la cual evidencia una posible fragilidad existente entre la articulación de los niveles de atención a la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the profile of patients with hypertensive crisis treated at an Emergency Care Unit. Method: descriptive cross-sectional study carried out through the analysis of 80 medical records of patients with hypertensive crisis, treated at an emergency care unit, between March 2018 and February 2019. Data were collected using a structured script and were subjected to descriptive statistical treatment. Results: after analyzing the 80 medical records, it was found that the mean age of the treated patients was 58.03, with the adult age group being the most prevalent (53.8%). It was found that the mean systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in men than in women (p=0.013). As for symptoms, headache was the most prevalent, with 35.0%. It was found that during the treatment of the hypertensive crisis, most patients used only one drug to reduce BP, with centrally acting antiadrenergic drugs being the most cited. Regarding the outcome, most of the patients were discharged (93.8%) soon after treatment; however, 6.3% remained in short-term hospitalization until their condition stabilized. Final considerations: this study made it possible to characterize the population with hypertensive crisis treated in an emergency room, showing a possible fragility in the articulation between health care levell